Analysing the Effect of Training on Employees’ Performance in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Public Institutions: Mediating Role of Stakeholder Involvement

Abstract

Despite investments in training and development across public service institutions in Tanzania and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the effectiveness of these investments in improving employee performance and organisational outcomes has not been realised. Understanding the relationship between training interventions and performance outcomes is critical for optimising resource allocation and enhancing public service delivery. This systematic literature review examines training effectiveness and stakeholder involvement in public service institutions in Tanzania and across SSA, identifies key factors influencing training outcomes, and provides evidence-based recommendations for policy and practice. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of academic databases identified relevant studies published between 2020 and 2025. After extensive screening, 53 studies from 9 SSA countries were selected for analysis. The review revealed that training interventions affect employee performance in Tanzania, that stakeholder involvement in SSA emerged as a critical success factor, and that on-the-job training proved particularly effective. Contextual factors, including organisational culture, resource availability, and management support, significantly moderate training outcomes. Effective training in SSA public service requires strategic stakeholder engagement, context-sensitive design, and sustained organisational support.